Physics of Volleyball Essay Example for Free

Material science of Volleyball Essay Material science is the investigation of vitality and how it is moved starting with one molecule then onto the next. There is unquestionably a ton of vitality moved among articles and players in the game of volleyball. A couple of the ideas of material science that occur during volleyball incorporate gravity, relocation, speed, increasing speed, shot movement, and power. These ideas are shown all through the various situations on the court. There are three primary parts of volleyball that incorporate material science, the first being dislodging. This happens when a player moves to their situation on the court and when the ball moves from side to side. Relocation is comparative with all situations on the court of volleyball since each of the six players ought to be equitably divided on their individual side. Every player on the court is doled out one of the six positions. Despite the fact that theyre just allocated one position, they move and acclimate to the play as per their partners and the bearing of the ball. Besides, speed is the speed of the player and ball. Speed is ordinarily communicated as the adjustment in relocation in a given time. One of these zones where speed is found in volleyball would be the point at which a player spikes the ball. With the correct speed, the ball will hit the floor without a safeguard having the option to respond rapidly enough to the assault. Thirdly, there is gravity, If there was no gravity the ball would not descend nor would the players. Gravity is basic to volleyball in light of the fact that without gravity the players would not have the option to remain on the ground and appreciate the game. Likewise, the ball would skim away from the individuals taking an interest in the game. There are two significant ideas of material science for serving, speed and quickening. As the ball’s speed expands its separation additionally gets more prominent. Since the ball is in steady quickening, the speed increments by a similar measure of time. With the best possible speed, the ball will hit the floor without a protector having the option to respond rapidly enough to the assault. Increasing speed goes inseparably with speed. Increasing speed is characterized as the rate at which speed changes. The ball, alongside players on the court, both have increasing speed. There are times in a volleyball match-up when the ball has consistent increasing speed, when the ball is served. At the point when the ball is hit by a player for a spike, the rate at which it comes to is most extreme speed is the increasing speed. So as to decide when to hit the ball, you have to compute the direction, speed, and position of the set. When moving toward the ball, the body has active vitality and this vitality transforms into possible vitality. This permits the player to bounce higher. Since potential vitality is the result of the mass of the player, gravity, and the stature of the hop, the tallness is the thing that decides how much potential vitality will be accomplished. At the point when the player hits the ball, it puts however much energy into it as could be expected, the shorter measure of time the hand is in contact with the ball, the more prominent the force. Material science influences each part of the game of volleyball from hitting, guard and serving. Without the ideas of material science that happen during volleyball incorporate gravity, relocation, speed, quickening, and power, there would not be the game. Understanding the material science behind the game can make somebody a superior player since they can figure out how the game functions and respond to it in like manner.

Battle of Raymond in the Civil War

Skirmish of Raymond in the Civil War Skirmish of Raymond - Conflict Dates: The Battle of Raymond was battled May 12, 1863, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armed forces Commanders Association Significant General James B. McPherson12,000 men Confederate Brigadier General John Gregg4,400 men Skirmish of Raymond - Background: In late 1862, Major General Ulysses S. Award started endeavors to catch the key Confederate bastion of Vicksburg, MS. Found high on the feigns over the Mississippi, the city was vital to controlling the stream beneath. After a few bogus beginnings, Grant chose for move south through Louisiana and cross the stream south of Vicksburg. He was helped in this exertion by Rear Admiral David D. Watchmen gunboats. On April 30, 1863, Grants Army of the Tennessee started crossing the Mississippi at Bruinsburg, MS. Clearing aside Confederate protectors at Port Gibson, Grant moved inland. With Union powers toward the south, the Confederate administrator at Vicksburg, Lieutenant General John Pemberton, started sorting out a guard outside of the city and calling for fortifications from General Joseph E. Johnston. The main part of these were coordinated to Jackson, MS however their travel to the city was hampered by harm caused to the railways by Colonel Benjamin Griersons rangers attack in April. With Grant propelling upper east, Pemberton anticipated that the Union soldiers should legitimately drive on Vicksburg and started pulling back towards the city. Effectively keeping the adversary reeling, Grant rather put his focus on Jackson and cutting the Southern Railroad which associated the two urban communities. Utilizing the Big Black River to cover his left flank, Grant progressed with Major General James B. McPhersons XVII Corps on the privilege with requests to continue through Raymond to strike the railroad at Bolton. To McPhersons left, Major General John McClernands XIII Corps was to cut off the Southern at Edwards while Major General William T. Shermans XV Corps was to assault among Edwards and Bolton at Midway (Map). Skirmish of Raymond - Gregg Arrives: With an end goal to stop Grants advance towards Jackson, Pemberton coordinated that all fortifications arriving at the capital be sent twenty miles southwest to Raymond. Here he wanted to shape a guarded line behind Fourteen Mile Creek. The primary soldiers to show up in Raymond were those of Brigadier General John Greggs over-quality unit. Entering the town on May 11 with his drained men, Gregg found that nearby mounted force units had not appropriately posted monitors on the region streets. Making camp, Gregg was ignorant that McPhersons corps was drawing closer from the southwest. As the Confederates were resting, Grant requested McPherson to drive two divisions into Raymond by early afternoon on May 12. To follow this solicitation, he coordinated Major General John Logans Third Division to lead the development. Skirmish of Raymond - First Shots: Screened by Union mounted force, Logans men pushed towards Fourteen Mile Creek at an early stage May 12. Gaining from local people that a huge Confederate power was ahead, Logan conveyed the twentieth Ohio into a long clash line and sent them towards the spring. Hampered by harsh landscape and vegetation, the twentieth Ohio moved gradually. Shortening the line, Logan pushed Brigadier General Elias Dennis Second Brigade forward into a field along the west bank of the stream. In Raymond, Gregg had as of late got insight which suggested that Grants primary body was south of Edwards. Subsequently, when reports showed up of Union soldiers close to the river, he trusted them to be a piece of a little assaulting party. Walking his men from the town, Gregg hid them on the slopes sitting above the rivulet. Trying to bait the Federals into a snare, he sent a little watchman separation to the scaffold over the brook with the expectation that the adversary would assault. When the Union men were over the extension, Gregg planned to overpower them. Around 10:00 AM, Union skirmishers pushed towards the scaffold yet ended in a close by tree line as opposed to assaulting. At that point, to Greggs shock, they presented cannons and started terminating on the Confederates close to the scaffold. This advancement drove Gregg to close he was confronting a full detachment as opposed to an assaulting power. Courageous, he adjusted his arrangement and moved his order to one side while planning for a bigger snare. When the foe was over the brook, he planned to assault while additionally sending two regiments through the trees to strike the Union big guns. Skirmish of Raymond - Gregg Surprised: Over the brook, McPherson presumed a snare and guided the rest of Logans division to climb. While one detachment was held available for later, Brigadier General John E. Smiths detachment was discreetly conveyed on Dennis right. Requesting his soldiers to propel, Logans men moved gradually through the vegetation towards the profound banks of the brook. Because of a twist in the spring, the first across was the 23rd Indiana. Arriving at the far bank, they went under overwhelming assault from Confederate powers. Hearing the adversary shout, Colonel Manning Force drove his twentieth Ohio to the 23rd Indianas help. Experiencing harsh criticism, the Ohioans utilized the brook bed for spread. From this position they drew in the seventh Texas and third Tennessee. Hard squeezed, Force mentioned the twentieth Illinois to progress to his regiments help (Map). Flooding past the twentieth Ohio, the Confederates pushed forward and before long experienced Logans primary body which was in a close by tree line. As the different sides traded fire, the Union soldiers at the spring started falling back to join their friends. With an end goal to more readily comprehend the circumstance, McPherson and Logan guided Union powers to pull back a short separation back to a fence line. Building up another position, they were sought after by the two Confederate regiments who accepted the adversary was escaping. Experiencing the new Union line, they started to take overwhelming misfortunes. Their circumstance immediately declined when the 31st Illinois, which had been posted on Logans right started assaulting their flank. Skirmish of Raymond - Union Victory: On the Confederate left, the two regiments that Gregg had requested to get into the enemys back, the 50th Tennessee and solidified tenth/30th Tennessee, pushed forward and dissipated the Union mounted force screen. Seeing his rangers withdrawing, Logan got worried about his correct flank. Dashing around the field, he pulled two regiments from Brigadier General John Stevensons hold unit to connect gaps the line and dispatched two more, the seventh Missouri and 32nd Ohio, to cover the Union right. These soldiers were later joined by extra regiments from Brigadier General Marcellus Crockers division. As the 50th and tenth/30th Tennessees rose up out of the trees and saw the Union soldiers, it immediately turned out to be clear to Gregg that he was not drawing in a foe unit, yet rather a whole division. As the 50th and tenth/30th Tennessees pulled once more into the trees, the third Tennessee started to disintegrate as the flanking fire from the 31st Illinois incurred significant damage. As the Tennessee regiment broke down, the seventh Texas experienced harsh criticism from the whole Union line. Assaulted by the eighth Illinois, the Texans at last crushed and fled spirit over the river with Union powers in interest. Looking for new guidelines, Colonel Randal McGavock of the tenth/30th Tennessee dispatched a helper to Gregg. Unfit to discover their officer, the assistant returned and educated McGavock of the Confederate breakdown on their right side. Without advising the 50th Tennessee, McGavock propelled his men on a point to assault the Union followers. Charging forward, they started to slow Logans advance until they were taken in the flank by the 31st Illinois. Supporting overwhelming misfortunes, including McGavock, the regiment started a battling withdrawal to a close by slope. Here they were joined by Greggs save, the 41st Tennessee, just as leftovers of other broke regiments. Delaying to change their men, McPherson and Logan started terminating on the slope. This proceeded as the day passed. Quickly endeavoring to reestablish request to his order, Gregg saw McPhersons line moving to flank his situation on the slope. Coming up short on the assets to challenge this, he started withdrawing towards Jackson. Battling a postponing activity to cover the withdrawal, Greggs troops took developing misfortunes from Union ordnance before completely separating. Clash of Raymond - Aftermath: In the facing at the Conflict of Raymond, McPhersons corps supported 68 murdered, 341 injured, and 37 missing while Gregg lost 100 executed, 305 injured, and 415 caught. As Gregg and showing up Confederate fortifications were amassing at Jackson, Grant chose to mount a significant exertion against the city. Winning the Battle of Jackson on May 14, he caught the Mississippi capital and crushed its rail associations with Vicksburg. Going west to manage Pemberton, Grant crushed the Confederate leader at Champion Hill (May 16) and Big Black River Bridge (May 17). Falling back to the Vicksburg barriers, Pemberton turned around two Union ambushes at the end of the day lost the city after an attack which finished on July 4. Chosen Sources Common War Trust: Battle of RaymondBattle of RaymondNational Park Service: Battle of Raymond

Personal and professional development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Individual and expert turn of events - Essay Example Early admonition scoring was quickly embraced to decide the seriousness of the condition dependent on noticeable side effects. The patient scored 6 on the EWS and the going to doctors promptly recommended a salbultamol nebulizer and oxygen treatment. Following 15 minutes, in view of clinical perception, the patient’s condition improved. His respiratory rate was brought down to 23 and pulse at 123 bpm. Be that as it may, his pulse dropped further to 95/55mmHg. Regardless of showing indications of progress, the patient’s EWS rose to 8 and repudiated the clinical perceptions. The serious consideration authority was promptly brought in to intercede. For the situation portrayed above, there was a need to create intelligent practice in nursing care conveyance particularly in crisis cases. Depending on detectable indications may not be sufficient to settle on a right conclusion and choice. The plan of this talk is to show the viable utilization of intelligent model structure to execute the Greenwood’s Level 2 (2002) system for reflection. Greenwood’s (2002) structure for reflection is made out of six phases. The first includes a depiction in detail of the occasion. The subsequent stage incorporates how presumptions, convictions, qualities and mentalities of an individual are reflected in his/her activities. Stage three is assessment. The nursing care specialist assesses if the measures utilized are predictable with nursing care conveyance gauges. Stage four is investigation of the occasion. This includes increasingly point by point request on the things assessed in the past stage on which part of nursing-related speculations were pertinent in the decision of activity taken. Stage five is combination. At this stage, the individual previously built up his own bits of knowledge. The nursing professional is additionally ready to see the circumstance at all points. It is additionally at this phase the individual created options in contrast to the activities embraced already to improve results. At long last, the nurs ing

Strategic management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Vital administration - Term Paper Example The paper tells that vital administration relates with the part of fortifying the presentation of workers, just as administrators to help improve the company’s execution and increment their administration proficiencies. Concerning vital administration, this examination will harp on execution the executives as it is accepted to be the center capacity of key administration to assist representatives with improving their abilities, information and disposition inside a work environment. Representative execution is significant on the grounds that this is a base for having long haul relationship with customers who will turn out to be possibly returning customers that will look for social insurance administrations. Representative execution won’t have the option to get serious without the direction of vital administration since this is one of the most dependable devices to keep up the most noteworthy conceivable demonstrable skill which can be applied to the organization’ s workers. As an expert, it is fundamental to give a short assessment of the organization’s execution to decide a wide range of representative exhibition that will be the middle for development. The examination has picked social insurance association since medicinal services associations are, somewhat, founded on employee’s execution because of the human services administrations they offer to customers requiring clinical consideration. Social insurance association has its own administration structures that are worked by various non-clinical representatives and staff individuals to deal with non-clinical related exercises. This incorporates HR the executives that is answerable for organizing staff positions to make work confinements for staff so as to work proficiently, just as to build the composed structure of the medicinal services association. This investigation will try to discover a wide range of issues that worry the board structures affecting the tasks of medici nal services associations at a particular timeframe. Medicinal services associations give more impression through social insurance benefits yet individuals don't know that there are the board structures inside the system of these associations, as appeared by Luelco (2008). They have exceptionally sorted out structure that is not quite the same as that of business associations; that is the reason these associations have novel administration structures which can be depended on as a good example for different organizations. Social insurance association requires critical measure of the executives methodology so as to make sorted out structure of medicinal services benefits that will be accessible and available to general society. Social insurance association can't work successfully without efficient procedure of the board since the executives assists with arranging a wide range of activities and offices that will profit medicinal services organization’s level of rendering its adm inistrations to people in general. This examination will try to introduce the hugeness of the board structure that exists inside human services associations so the peruser can comprehend and welcome the investigation by having extra information in regards to the executives rules that can exist inside different associations, not just in medicinal services establishments, as guaranteed by Castillejos (2007). HR: Strategy and Role inside Organizations The HR will be represented by the overseeing supervisor that will be liable for improving the presentation of workers, just as

Media free essay sample

You need to mirror an activity arrangement Just in light of the fact that your preferred activity saint looked cool doing it. You need to wear the LBD Just in light of the fact that you are a fanatic of Coco Chanel. You need to wear the shade of nail clean Lady Gaga wears for that unglued gaga look. You need to don your preferred on-screen characters haircuts and you need to walk like those incline models do. You need to do everything that individuals from the fabulousness world do, you need to resemble your preferred VIP. Much the same as them, even you need to be in the news. Any exposure is acceptable exposure, you start to feel. Your good examples are individuals that the media opens you to. You need to be somebody, however not yourself! Furthermore, presently you state media doesn't impact you! Gracious please, it without a doubt does! Broad communications affects the manner by which masses think and act. We will compose a custom exposition test on Media or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It impacts their conduct both decidedly and contrarily. The beneficial outcomes are most likely celebrated by every last one. In any case, the negative impacts are not helpful for a sound society. Here, we will attempt to see how media impacts us contrarily. Pictures that were viewed as scandalous 100 years prior are currently good enough in magazines, advertisements and different types of media. Sexual substance has gotten universal in the media is utilized to sell items and Increase evaluations. A milestone study distributed by the Rand Corporation in 2004 found that sitting in front of the TV programs with sexual substance Is related with before adolescent commitment in sexual movement. Not very many of the sexual demonstrations depicted In the media address the outcomes that can emerge from this movement. This carelessness gives teenagers a twisted perspective on the real world. When an individual is 18, he will have seen around 200,000 brutal acts, as per the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, whose specialists bring up that a solid connection exists between presentation to TV savagery and forceful conduct. Adolescents are presented to much increasingly rough Images when they watch motion pictures, surf the Internet and play computer games In which mercilessness Is remunerated. The outcome Is desensitization to savagery.

We, the people

We, the people As you know, Im a big fan of Indian Bollywood movies, and last night was the premiere of Swades, the latest film from Oscar-nominated director Ashutosh Gowariker (Lagaan), starring Shahrukh Khan (think of him as the Bollywood equivalent to, say, Tom Cruise/Hanks). When we arrived, the theater was packed. The last empty seat in the house went to MIT Professor of Comparative Media Studies Henry Jenkins (also Housemaster of the the Senior House dormitory), who snuck in just as the film began. I didnt get a chance to talk with him, but as he was leaving I heard his one-line summary of the film: It was a geeky, MIT-type of film. In many ways, he was right on. The film centered on Shahrukh Khans character Mohan, who was born and raised in India but for the past decade or so had worked as a project manager for NASA. He goes back to rural India to a village with very spotty electricity, one phone, little emphasis on education. The dramatic climax of the movie, in true MIT style, is Mohans attempt to get a turbine to generate electricity for the village can it get up to the magic number of 230 Volts? The best parts of the film reminded me of MacArthur Genius Grant Fellow Amy Smiths International Development Initiative class called D-Lab (aka SP.721), which, among many other places, goes to India. It is through initiatives like D-Lab or the IDEAS competition that MIT lives out its mission of improving the world through science and technology. One of the biggest reasons I turned down a job on Wall Street to work at MIT is because MITs mission inspires me. We are making a difference. Oh, and by the way, the movie was great. Gowariker again has made a film with real meaning, and stocks it with a more interesting cast of characters than in many films. And composer A. R. Rahman had a pretty good score (as you may know, Bollywood films are usually musicals), as usual. If you live in an area with a large South Asian population, you may be able to see it in your region check it out!

Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice Essay - 825 Words

Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice (Essay Sample) Content: Cultural Diversity in Criminal JusticeName:Course:Professor Name:(January 05, 2014)Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice A significant number of the minority groups in the United States distrust the judicial system. It has been noted that in most cases, a minority group defendant is tried by a jury comprising of all whites. It is argued that a minority defendant is arrested by police officers who are whites, at the same time indicted by a grand jury comprising of all the whites, prosecuted by district attorneys who is white, convicted by a white jury, sentenced by a judge who is white, denied appeals by state appellate court jurists who are whites, face federal judges who are whites and at the same time face prison officials who are all whites. It is argued that such a system creates a picture of racial inequality expressed by the criminal justice system in the United States. Race is a sensitive issue in verdict legitimacy, trial fairness, integrity of the criminal justice system and on the quality of the criminal justice system. Marginalized communities in the United States, to some extent have no faith with the judicial system (Champion, 2008). Taking a critical look at an all white jury facing a defendant who is black, there are high chances that the black defendant will face a harsh ruling. There are high chances that the black defendant will be found guilty of the offenses. Facing the all white jury has high chances of racializing the criminal justice system (McNamara Burns, 2008). Political and judicial efforts in diversifying the jury have generated debates among the different stakeholders. It has been noted that the supreme court of the United States argues that the defendant can face a jury comprising or without persons belonging to the defendants race. The supreme court of the United States has set it free for the states to make own choices in issues relating to racially mixed jury (McNamara Burns, 2008). Legal scholars and polic ymakers argues that there is a need for reforms in the judicial system in the United States in making sure that racial diversity is cultivated in the American juries (Tarver et al., 2001). Legal scholars and policymakers have suggested removal of some juries from the majority jury list and include juries from the minority communities in the United States. There are arguments that some positions should be set aside to represent the racial minorities in the United States justice system (Walker et al., 2011). Taking a historical approach, it was noted that Massachusetts State before the civil war had allowed African-American people in the jury, an indication that people of color were allowed in the jury (McNamara Burns, 2008). Replicating the same practice in other states has received support and debates on an equal measure. Surveys indicated that in 1875, the United States Congress supported inclusion of men of color to the jury system. In the court case Strauder v. West Virginia i n 1880, the supreme court of the United States argued that the West Virginia laws were against defendants of the African Americans origin and that the state did not practice protection of law to all the residents (Sunypress.edu., 2013). People of color over the years have been discouraged by the system in taking an active role in the jury (Champion, 2008). A number of states have developed racially diverse tribunals; surveys have indicated that ethnic and racial minorities are underrepresented in the federal and state criminal courts. A jury comprising of the minority groups in the United States is still a challenge, a fact that is contributing to racism in the American judicial system (Tarver et al., 2001). It has been noted that in majority of cases, in eliminating and avoiding organizations concerned with the human rights and the media hype on cases involving minority groups, trials are relocated from areas with minority groups to areas with majority whites. An example of such a sensitive trial involved Rodney King assault case in 1992 that was moved to Simi Valley with majority whites from Los Angeles with majority blacks (Sunypress.edu., 2013). Another case involved Amadou Diallo murder trial in 2000 (Sunypress.edu., 2013). The case was moved to Albany with majority whites from the Bronx which has dominant Hispanics and Blacks. There are indications that the American criminal justice system is not fair enough to minority communities, a indication that reforms to the American justice system are necessary (Walker et al., 2011). Opponents in th...

Adding Value - 2110 Words

The Consumer as the Principal Driver of Value Think about a purchase experience (product or service) that impressed you. Perhaps you told other people you know about your satisfaction with the process and the outcome. Perhaps your expectations were surpassed. In this discussion forum: 1. Describe this purchase experience. 2. Share the product and the brand name. 3. Share when this purchase happened. 4. Confirm if this company remains in business today. 5. Explain the details of this positive, memorable purchase from the beginning when considering the purchase to the eventual outcome. Be specific. 6. Describe the processes, steps and phases you believe the company did to make sure your purchase experience was good†¦show more content†¦The result of that is that I am now getting several calls a day from people all across the country that seek commercial funding. Best of all; it’s a free service for me even if I don’t purchase any of their leads. My experience with iBank.com as a service provider has presented me with a great value for my money. When my thoughts wander to value, I immediately think of getting something better than I expected for the amount of money I intended to spend. In other words, my perception of something being better is what drives my value determination. According to Walters and Rainbird (2007, pg. 25), â€Å"The underlying motivation for changes in customer expectations is a shift in the consumer perspective of value, which has moved away from a combination of benefits dominated by price towards a range of benefits in which price, for some customer segments, has very little impact. Value is assumed to be the benefits received from a product choice less their costs of acquisition.† In my mind, there is a major connection between the perception of value and the expectations of the customer. 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Fojtasek, Jeff Fronterhouse, and Patrick McGee in 1999. It is a Leverage Buyout Firm that targets companies with enterprise values between $50 and $250 million, solid management, a well-defined niche and is often close to the Brazos’ Dallas home. Location is an essential part of Brazos cooperate strategic management; according to Patrick McGee Texas is the 11th largest stand alone economy in the

Ethics Awareness Inventory Assessment of a Person - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 716 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/18 Category Analytics Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Customer Service Essay Did you like this example? ETHICAL PERSPECTIVE The Ethics Awareness Inventory is assessment of a person’s ethical perspective. This report is tool that analyzes the way a person perceives what is right from wrong. The report focuses on a person’s judgment and how he or she makes ethical decisions. This report shows how a person handles conflicts ethically. The report can be used to enhance a person’s outlook and approach on ethical issues. I am in agreement with the report because I make my ethical decisions based upon obligations. The Ethical Awareness Inventory assessment will permit me to enhance my attentiveness towards ethical issues. According to the Ethics Awareness Inventory I base my ethical perspectives upon obligation what is right. I make my decisions according to what I think is right from wrong. I look for a person’s intent behind his or her actions rather than emphasizing on outcome. â€Å"In, other words, to be considered ethical, we must choose how we ac t and what rules we are willing to follow. † (Ethical Awareness) For example, when I am faced with an ethical dilemma I think about being obligated to do what is right and then I make my final decision. a. Character/virtue The ethical perspectives based upon character consist of â€Å"what is good to be, rather than what is good to do. † (Ethical Awareness) People who base their ethical perspective upon character consider that ethics should be attained by honorable excellence. They look past ones actions and based their decisions upon a person’s character. Within a workplace environment, if a manager was to provide a refund for services to an unsatisfied customer, the manager would make his or her determination based upon defending the disposition and honor of all entities connected to the judgment. Ethical Awareness) For example, within my childcare business, if a client requests a refund for services rendered of childcare fees, as a manager I would have take into consideration the character of all parties involved when making my determination. b. Obligation/deontology Ethical perspectives that are based upon obligation emphasizes on morally correct and symbolizes what logic people out must ethically do. People believe that moral behavior influences the scruples. Within the workplace a manager would focus on making his or her determination as if he or she was in the consumer shoes and recognize the purpose and the determination to treat the consumer with excellence. (Ethical Awareness) For example, within my daycare business, if a client requests a refund for services rendered of childcare fees, as a manager I would base my decision upon what I would feel if I was in my client’s shoes and honor his or her refund request. c. Results/utilitarianism Ethical perspectives that are based upon results focuses on consequences of one’s action. These people consider that behavior ought to be aimed at endorsing the supreme exce llence in support of maximum number of persons. When making ethical determination in people, they look for solid evidence. Within the workplace a manager may choose not to provide a refund to a consumer based upon an organization â€Å"no refund – no exception† written policies. For example, within my daycare business, if a client requests a refund for services rendered of childcare fees and I had written â€Å"no refund – no exception† within my handbook, as a manager I would not honor my clients refund based upon the written â€Å"no refund – non exception† policies. . Equity/relativism Ethical perspectives that are based upon equity emphasize on apprehension for insecurity of facts, the ambiguity of individual opinion, and the deficient of those who can actually be eligible as specialist in sensitivity of right from wrong. Within the workplace a manager would choose to possibly making remedial clarifications which can be warranted with ef fective communication. Ethical Awareness) For example, within my daycare business, if a client requests a refund for services rendered of childcare fees, as a manager I would take into consideration how to effectively correct the problem and communicate a solution. Finally, every employee within the workplace must possess knowledge to effectively make solid decisions that are ethical. They must be conscious of their individual opinions and make a determination based upon morality. By methodically establishing ethics within the workplace organizations are able to gain control and power within its environment. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ethics Awareness Inventory: Assessment of a Person" essay for you Create order

The Man Who Broke The Color Barrier, Jackie Robinson Essay

Zeke Workman 29 November 2016 English 2 Block 1 Living Wax Museum Jackie Robinson Biography The man who broke the color barrier, Jackie Robinson. Robinson was the first African-American to play in the MLB. Robinson overcame many obstacles in his career the main ones being racism and segregation. Robinson had a 10 year career with the Dodgers. Robinson became a civil rights activist being involved in the NAACP after his retirement from baseball. Jackie has received numerous awards not only for his physical abilities but for his impact he made on the world. Early Life Robinson was born on January 31, 1919, into a family of sharecroppers in Cairo, Georgia. He was the youngest of five children born to Mallie McGriff and Jerry Robinson. His middle name, Edgar, was in honor of former President Theodore Roosevelt who died 25 days before Robinson was born. After Jackie’s father left the family in 1920, they moved to Pasadena, California. Robinson s mother worked various jobs to support the family. Jackie grew up in poverty in an affluent community. Jackie and his friends were excluded from many recreational opportunities. As a result, Robinson joined a neighborhood gang. His friend Carl Anderson persuaded him to abandon the gang. In high school Jackie attended John Muir high school being an outstanding athlete. He was a multi-sport athlete playing football, baseball, track, tennis, and baseball. Jackie won numerous athletic awards in high school. Jackie Robinson attendedShow MoreRelatedJackie Robinson Broke Baseball s Color Barrier1197 Words   |  5 PagesJackie Robinson During the 1940 s, the African Americans were segregated from the Whites in America. White people in America had a lot more advantages or opportunities. Up until when Jackie Robinson potentially brought the two races together, many signs of hatred were shown on the African Americans. They had separate schools, restaurants, and transportation systems. Nobody ever thought that the two races would be integrated one day. Predictably, life at this time was not very easy for AfricanRead More42-Sociological Analysis848 Words   |  4 PagesSport Movie Review 42, The True Story of an American Legend I recently saw the film, 42, and I found many connections with our Sociology of Sport class. First and foremost, the movie was about the baseball legend, Jackie Robinson. Jack broke the baseball color barrier and was the first African American player allowed in Major League Baseball. He played for the Brooklyn Dodgers beginning in 1947. Jack was a strong, talented player, but he also had a mind of his own. He played with an attitudeRead MoreAmerica s Favorite Pastime And Jackie Robinson Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica’s Favorite Pastime and Jackie Robinson The game of baseball has been intertwined in our history. It has been there through the wars and the civil rights movements. The game has seen it all. There have been great players who have put their career’s on hold to fight for their country. â€Å"More than 500 major league baseball players during World War II, including stars like Ted Williams, Stan Musial and Joe DiMaggio†. There is one player that didn’t have to put his career on hold to fight for hisRead MoreA Brief Biography of Jackie Robinson673 Words   |  3 PagesJackie Robinson was one of the most historically well known people in the civil rights movement. So as the first man to integrate major league baseball, Jackie Robinson had a game changing impact on the way the game was played. Having the courage to fight for what is right, Jackie broke the imaginary color barrier that has covered major league baseball for years. Through his resiliency and tenaciousness in the face of seemingly unconquerabl e odds, Jackie Robinson set the course for African AmericansRead More Jackie Robinson and The Integration Of The United States Essay1697 Words   |  7 PagesJackie Robinson: athlete, social activist, hero. These are just some of the words people use to describe Jackie. Robinson was the first person to break the color barrier in Major League Baseball, at the time officially designated a white man’s sport. The blacks and whites played in separate leagues but Branch Rickey, vice president of the Brooklyn Dodgers, wanted to integrate Major League Baseball. At this time in the 1940s the Unites States was still segregated and the Jim Crow Laws still reignedRead MoreProfessional Sports: A Barrier Meant to be Broken Essay1225 Words   |  5 PagesThe breaking of the color barrier in professional sports was a turning point in history. It happened in 1947, when Jackie Robinson, an African-American athlete, began playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers under the watchful eye of their owne r, Branch Rickey. The man who broke this barrier was a hero in his own right, changing the world of baseball as well as aiding the Civil Rights Movement. But this was not his only heroic accomplishment. Robinson was a star athlete as a child, at the UniversityRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play Fences By August Wilson853 Words   |  4 PagesIn the 1950’s there was a major problem of racial discrimination making it impossible for people of color to do what they wanted to do. In the play Fences by August Wilson he brings in Troy Marxson, who is the main character of the play dealing with racial discrimination. Troy Marxson is a man with strange views of the world and who has a life that can be described as frustrating. Troy’s frustration is caused by his dream of becoming a major league baseball player being ruined by racist tyranny.Read MoreAfrican Americans Changed The Game1198 Words   |  5 Pagesin smaller and not as popular leagues. The African-American leagues thr ived throughout the early part of the 1900s, but the leagues started to fall going into the mid-1900s. Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier being the first African-American man to play in the MLB, signing with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1946. Once Jackie entered the MLB, many other MLB teams began recruiting black men, forcing the Negro National league to be disbanded after the 1948 season. (Fences – McCarter Theatre Center).Read MoreJackie Robinsons Leadership Style1441 Words   |  6 Pageson other lives.†- Jackie Robinson A true leader is someone who people willingly follow and listen to as well as someone who has the ability to influence and motivate others. An outstanding example of a great leader is Jackie Robinson. On April 15, 1947, Jackie Robinson shocked the world and changed not only the history of sports, but changed America. Facing the criticism, ignoring the racial slurs, and following his true passion, Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in Major League BaseballRead MoreSports And Its Impact On Society3522 Words   |  15 Pagesbe applied for Jackie Robinson’s effect during the civil rights movement, when he was the first African American man to sign with a Major League Baseball team. Jackie Robinson was born into a sharecropping family on January 31st, 1919 in Cairo, Georgia, but soon after moved to Pasadena, California in 1920. Jackie was the youngest of five siblings, all of whom were very athletic. His brother Matthew was a silver medalist in the 1936 Olympics and was a heavy influence on Jackie pursuing athletics

Cristina Garcias Dreaming in Cuban Essay - 1068 Words

Cristina Garcias Dreaming in Cuban The cyclical nature of time and the supernatural are recurring themes in Cristina Garcà ­as Dreaming in Cuban. Throughout the book, the members of the del Pino family find themselves reliving the same events and situations. This is characterized by the repetition of mental illness, attempted suicide, personal exile, and lovesickness that occurs over three generations. Celia, realizes that time will continue to repeat itself unless the family history is documented and carried on. She takes the responsibility of writing letters to her lover, in order to record their story, but understands more must be done, memory cannot be confined (47). When Pilar is born she is endowed with specific gifts†¦show more content†¦This explains why Pilar is chosen to pass along her family?s story. The other members of the del Pino family lack the ability to remember, and therefore are forced to repeat the same history continuously. Pilar?s ability to communicate with her grandmother is another example of the supernatural forces the run beneath the surface of this novel. Throughout the book Celia speaks of her ability to communicate with Pilar. ?She speaks to her granddaughter, imagines her words as slivers of light piercing the murky night? (7). Celia uses this form of communication not only as a way to learn more about Pilar and her life in the United States but as an intimate tool to share the del Pino family history. Pilar also acknowledges the power of this form of contact ?Abuela Celia and I write to each other sometimes, but mostly I hear her speaking to me at night just before I fall asleep. She tells me stories about her life?she tells me she loves me? (29). Although her trip to Florida is unsuccessful, Pilar experiences one of her first premonitions about her return to the island; this particular sign comes to her in the form of a dream. ?I remember one dream. It?s midnight and there are people around me praying on the beach. I?m wearing a white dress and turban and I can hear the ocean nearby, only I can?t see it. I am sitting on a chair, a kind of throne, with antlers fastened to the back. TheShow MoreRelatedCristina Garcias Dreaming in Cuban Essay3280 Words   |  14 PagesCristina Garcia’s Dreaming in Cuban tells the story about three generations of a Cuban family and their different views provoked by the Cuban revolution. Though part of the same family, an outsider might classify them as adversaries judging by relationships between one another, the exiled family members, and the differentiations between political views. Although all of these central themes reoccur over and over throughout the narrative, family relationships lie at the heart of the tale. The relationshipsRead MoreThe Cuban Revolution And Its Effect On Identity1723 Words   |  7 PagesDreaming in Cuban is a novel by Cuban American author Cristina Garcia. This essay focuses on the impact of the Cuban revolution and its effect on identity within the Cuban diaspora. This essay argues that Dreaming in Cuban illustrates the impact of the Cuban revolution on women and how it has affected their identities as Cuban women. Therefore, this essay will assess the structure of the novel, it will identify key historical, and geographical contexts in which these events took place. The essay

Produce a detailed and linguistically well-informed Free Essays

Produce a detailed and linguistically well- informed analysis of the editor’s letter from Elle magazine (July 2012) which focuses on the process of ‘synthetic personalisation By harpur91 Produce a detailed and linguistically well-informed analysis of the editor’s letter from Elle magazine Ouly 2012) which focuses on the process of ‘synthetic personalisation What I am going to look like, in relevance to the above question, is the process of synthetic personalisation in the magazine, ELLE (July 2012). I am therefore going to nclude work produced by Norman Fairclough and his ideas on this process, but also including lexical features, conversationalisation; in which can be spilt up into numerous features combined under this discourse. Firstly, however, I am going to have to understand the terms In order to produce a detailed and linguistically well- Informed analysis of the editors letter from said magazine. We will write a custom essay sample on Produce a detailed and linguistically well-informed or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first area I am going to focus on is Synthetic personalisation’. Fairclough defined this concept as being â€Å"a compensatory tendency to give the impression of treating each of the people handled’ en masse as an individual† (Fairclough 2001 :52) this therefore it begins to become a process of addressing the mass audience, whilst speaking to them as they were Individuals. Thus, showing off an element of conversationalisatlon, not only that, but It begins to show Ideas of Informality with the language used throughout articles etc___ However when looking deeper into the Issue. we begin to see that this is only a cover-up, an attempt to give the impression that they are speaking on an informal, one-to-one basis. This therefore shows elements of manipulation; giving us, as the udience a false sense of intimacy, or fake intimacy (Hoggart 1957) with the writer. Furthermore this begins to signify the phoney sense of belonging we have with the text given, we are not seen as being an individual but as a collective group of people. Falrclough would therefore describe and label the concepts spoken above as conversationallsation. As we begin to progress, we begin to see a clear difference In both private and public outputs. â€Å"People do not expect to be spoken down to, lectured or got at’. They expect to be spoken to in a familiar, friendly and informal anner as they were equals on the the same footing as the speaker† (Scannell, 1996:24) not only does this relate to radio and television, but it could be incorporated into the magazine and Journalist Industry. People reading Journalistic products such as ELLE magazine; expect to be treated In a certain way, a way In which Is Informal, conversational In order to gain that Illusion of Individualisation, rather than them addressing the audience as a whole. Conversationalisation is a â€Å"term used by Fairclough (1994:260) who describes it as ‘a restructuring of the boundary between ublic and private orders of discourse’ Fairclough also notes that it involves the use of language that is normally associated with conversation† (Baker 2011 :22) because of tnls, we can Degln to see tnls development Detween tne relatlonsnlp 0T tne speaker and reader therefore creating this emotional connection, rather than it Just being informational. Furthermore â€Å"it could be argued that in capitalist societies, conversationalisation is often used as a way of securing customer loyalty by helping them create the appearance of a personal relationship† (Baker 2011 :23) this therefore inks back to the idea that companies/ in this case ELLE magazine writers have the ability to address a mass audience, but making them feel like they are being spoken to individually. And when it builds this relationship with the reader, they are able to exploit them through subtle, inclusive language. The editor’s letter from ELLE magazine, shows off similar ideas of this informality of conversationalisation, we as the audience, when reading this text, may see it as being something you would sit amongst friends and chat about, thus giving that informal conversation (e. . â€Å"l wanted to pick the star of the show, the person you all want to date – sorry I mean meet) this shows that Joke like attitude women may converse in when with their girlfriends. Thus showing, in essence a form of popular opinion, allowing the readers to feel some sort of connection. Not only this, but specific language used throughout texts of this nature, i. e. fashion magazines, show a clear representation of that conversation amongst friends. And like said previously, the writer begins to address you as an individual, rather than a collective group. This therefore is a clear representation of language; that they are being supportive friends therefore helping another friend out in need. Lexical features are also used throughout this text in order to reinforce the idea of the writer personally addressing their ideas to an individual. For example, pronouns such as; l, you and we are used throughout this text, to make the reader feel connected to this historical fashion debut. An example of this would be; â€Å"this is the first time in ELLE’s 27-year history we have put a man on the cover. I didn’t take the decision lightly- after all, this is a LUXARY fashion magazine for women† not only is it addressing all women, whom have some sort of interest in fashion, but it begins to show off an element that, you as the reader had some sort of insight in picking and being a part of this event. Not only this, but the editor begins to apologise to those, whom thought R-Patz (Robert Pattinson) would grace their historical cover. â€Å"l feel I have to apologise to the R-Patz fans who hoped our first-ever cover man would be him (and told me repeatedly on Facebook and Twitter! ) Again, with the synthetic personalisation aspect, we begin to see that there is a clear formality of the writer-reader element. The fact they apologised, signifies the element of intimacy, thus allowing those to thought he would grace the cover, some clarification into why they chose David Beckham instead. When analysing the editor’s letter in more detail, we begin to see the use of pronouns and how the language and context it is used in conforms to the idea of togetherness. The pronoun; we, is used during the letter, this therefore shows the representation of a hared identity of the audience, not only that but it becomes clear that the language used is in a specific way in which creates the idea of a togetherness for the audience, that they feel a part of this. The pronouns used do not Just simply and directly conform to the friendly stereotype between writer-reader but, they are also used in terms of exclusively, where there used amongst the editorial team therefore contributes to† setting up the producer as a team; the anonymous group voice is a Trlen01y gossip In tne orlentatlon Deneatn tn 5/6) tnls tnereTore hows that the editorial team act like a family, in which create the illusion of a wider- social informal friend-like association between writer-reader. For example â€Å"l knew I had made the right decision as I noted the giddiness among the editorial team before the shoot† this shows the clear representation of the pronouns used in order create the family-like background for the reader, it signifies a family into which collectively decides on what is right. And because of this, we as the audience/reader feel like this is addressing us on a personal/individual level. Not only does language ncorporate the idea of directly addressing an individual rather than a collective group, but the use of parenthesis can also create the idea of a quiet word between friends, therefore backing up this element. Within the editor’s letter from ELLE â€Å"we have done two covers for the newsstand issue (so you can go out and buy the alternative, too) and a very SPECIAL illustrated collectors’ cover for our loyal and much-valued subscribers (weVe also made a video for your eyes only, subscribers† with this, it represents ideas that if you are a loyal subscriber you can get extra ontent etc.. which therefore could symbolise ideas of your much closer friends. Therefore you are able to talk more and gain a more insightful understanding of the content. However this could be represented in a completely different light. The fact that this may mean the exploitation of individuals, in which creating the idea that you can get more from this issue if you become a subscriber, therefore reinforces the capitalist society. Overall when looking at what has been said, I can conclude that synthetic personalisation has played a massive part in the print industry, focusing ore on the fashion magazine ELLE, the fact we are able to see and understand the linguistic features used in order to create this illusion of a friendship connection between writer and reader and how, they have used their power in order to manipulate the audience. And because of this, the audience finds it more helpful knowing that they have some sort of â€Å"friend† to lend a helping hand. Not only that, but because the private and public have started to merge, we are seeing elements of public events being used for private consumption. But people are able to interpret hings different when there in private, than they could if they were in public. But overall, there are so many elements in ELLE magazine which represent the linguistic attributes in exploiting an audience through language and grammer. How to cite Produce a detailed and linguistically well-informed, Papers

Macbeth Passage Analysis free essay sample

This passage in Macbeth is important as it shows the feelings the three witches’ prophecies caused to Macbeth and is important because it seems from Macbeth’s reaction, these feelings will play an important role in the rest of the play. â€Å"Two truths are told, as happy prologues to the swelling act of the imperial theme! † at first he 100 percent believes he will be king because the first two prophecies from the witches came true. There’s foreshadowing in these first 3 lines as it is portraying to us that he will be king in the future, Macbeth and the audience just don’t know how or when. â€Å"This supernatural soliciting cannot be ill, cannot be good† shows his temptation for power. From the line â€Å"Cannot be ill, cannot be good. If ill† to the line â€Å"Are less than horrible imaginings† shows how he then becomes trapped in two minds if the last prophecy is a bad or good thing. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth Passage Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He basically already decided he’s going to be king but taking in the fact he might do something horrible to achieve it which portrays a dark mood that will overshadow the play. Another reason why these 8 lines are significant because it shows his personality changed into a more questioning and doubtful person who is tempted by the idea of power which might be a sign that the three witches are succeeded in their plan to transform Macbeth in to a more evil person. The last 4 lines in the passage are really where it tells us the direction Macbeth is leaning towards too. Even though his body is telling him that he shouldnt be thinking about murdering King Duncan, he cant help himself. â€Å"And nothing is but what is not† which is a paradox related to the words of the witches in the beginning of the play Fair is foul, and foul is fair, which means good is bad and bad is good. This might mean that Macbeth has opened himself up to an evil like the witches and is willing to kill the King if he thinks he’s the one who has too.

The Effects of Removal of American Indian Tribes free essay sample

Pearl, Tombstone, and Chickasaws Rivers defined its three major divisions-?the Kola Flay, the Kola Tanat, and the Kola Hangnail (Kola being the Choctaw word for people). Tribal regions before Removal, ca. 1830 enlarge map See descriptions of the tribal regions. The Creeks lived in Alabama and southwestern Georgia the upper Creeks along the Tallapoosa and Cocoas Rivers and the lower Creeks along the Chattahoochee River. The Chickasaws homeland was in the upper Mississippi Delta region in northern Mississippi, into western Tennessee and northern Alabama.The Cherokees occupied the valleys of the southern Appalachian Mountains, establishing villages along the Tennessee River and its tributaries. They included five divisions (as defined by the British colonial government in the asses): the Lower Towns in north Georgia, the Over-the-Hill (or Overfill) Towns in eastern Tennessee, and Middle Towns, Valley Towns, and Out Towns in western North Carolina. The Seminole, originally of Lower Creek identity, emerged as a distinctive tribal group in the early to mid 1 sass as a result of conflict between European colonists and tribal villages. A major uprising by tribes along the east coast of Georgia, the Yamahas Rebellion of 1 71 5, led to military action on the part of he British that destroyed native villages and dispossessed their populations. Homeless groups moved south into Spanish Territory below the 31st parallel (which became Florida), as the Spanish were reputed to have a liberal policy toward Indians and to leave them in peace. The Indian groups that settled in what is now Florida and the southern portions of Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, came to be called Seminole, a corruption of the Spanish term commoners or wanderers.Each of these tribal groups had its own origin tradition. Winston County Mania Way Indian mound, Mississippi The Choctaws and Chickasaws shared a common origin tradition, that they had lived west of the Mississippi River and had migrated to the east. The migration was the result of the dream of a holy man that the sacred pole that stood in the center of his village would lean in the direction of the march. It was led by two brothers, Chat and Chicks. During the long journey and after the people crossed the Mississippi, the brothers and their followers were separated-by disagreement, in a thunderstorm, the accounts vary.Chat and his people followed the pole until it finally stood upright near a hill. The site today is at Mania Way, a flat-topped mound about twenty miles north of Philadelphia, Mississippi, the tribal headquarters of the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. GA DIET North Georgia mountains The Cherokee origin tradition explains the formation of their homeland-?the hills and valleys Of the southern Appalachian Mountains, along the Tennessee River and its tributaries. When the earth was created and the land was very soft, birds were sent down from the sky to find a dry place for the animals to live. When they were unsuccessful, a giant buzzard was sent to continue the search. As he grew tired he flew lower and lower, and his wingtips began to hit the soft new land, pushing down the valleys and raising the hills. F. Duncan Thaw River, near the Cocoas River, Alabama The Creeks occupied villages along the Chattahoochee, Tallapoosa, and Cocoas Rivers in Alabama. Their origins began under a mountain in the west, which opened up and the people emerged and settled nearby. But the earth opened up and ate their children, and they began a long march to the east, crossing several rivers.They encountered three other peoples, from whom they learned the use of certain herbs. They also found a pole on a mountain, which became their guide. They finally encountered a white path, which they followed to Calaboose Creek. They found the people who had made the white path and settled near them. The story explains not only how the Creeks came to the southeast but how they came to dominate most of what is now the state of Alabama by making alliances with tribal groups whose hunting territories they wanted. The Creeks were a confederacy of peoples held together by similarity of language.Howard Norma Howard (Choctaw artist), enlarge image Choctaw Village, ca. 1998 One rationale for these treaties was that Indians were migratory hunters who only followed the game and had no attachment to any particular lands. This rationale ignored the fact that tribes in the southeast raised significant crops Of corn and lived in settled villages. Americans were already swayed by arguments based on stereotypes of Indians as hostile, savage, wandering people. For students, the question is to what extent these stereotypes still persist in their thinking. GA Lib.Orders for removal of Cherokee from North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee and Alabama, 1 838 full text Orders for removal of Cherokee from Georgia, 1838 lull text Teen. SSLA Notice to the Cherokee that steam boats will be available for their transportation to territory west of the Mississippi, 1 838 full text The final removal came under the Indian Removal Act. Missionary societies who had invested their time and money teaching Indians to live with their white neighbors and accept Christianity lobbied Congress to oppose the act. It finally passed, but only by a one-vote margin, in September of 1830.The Choctaw, Cherokee, Chickasaws, Creeks, and Seminole signed treaties agreeing to leave their homes in the southeast and move west. Their travels ere marked by outbreaks Of cholera, inadequate supplies, bitter cold, and death from starvation and exhaustion. The Cherokees march was a forced one under the direction of the United States army, and it came to be known as the Trail of Tears or, in their own term, The Place Where They Cried. Removal was a tragedy as thousands of people were forced to leave behind their homes, livestock, crops, and places that had spiritual significance for them.McClure Museum Depiction of Cherokee farmstead of the mid asses, based on historic descriptions and archaeological excavations from the Lower Little Tennessee River Valley, eastern Tennessee, 1967-1982 enlarge image Archaeological evidence, native oral traditions, and written sources help us reconstruct the past and understand the way in which landscape shaped the culture and the history of these people in their original homelands and how they had to adapt to a new environment west of the Mississippi River These five tribes of the southeast were village dwellers.They clustered around streams and rivers, which generally defined territorial hunting ranges. They raised numerous varieties of corn, beans, and squashes, but their primary supply of meat came from hunting. Deer, bear, and woodland buffalo ere their prey. Their environments shaped their senses of identity. The tribes of the southeast maintained a delicate balance with the forces of the environment around them. The woods were full of spiritual forces who could harm someone who wandered alone into their domain. Violent storms, sudden floods in the river valleys, lightning-set fires in the woods, all were reminders of the power of the world.The Green Corn ceremony, variations of which occurred in the Cherokee, Creek, and Chickasaws communities, renewed the world in the spring for the upcoming year. During the late eighteenth century, major changes began to affect the epistyles of the southeastern native people. The introduction of domesticated livestock among the Choctaws in the asses provided a new source of food that began to replace deer meat in the diet. Hunting deer for skins to trade with French and English agents had depleted deer populations throughout the southeast. Although domesticated cattle roamed free in the forests and prairies, they could be easily captured.Other introductions to the Choctaw diet included domesticated pigs and potatoes, and some families cultivated fields of cotton. By the early asses a missionary could report that Choctaw omen had spinning wheels, cards, and were weaving yards of cloth. Voluntary removal, late asses-early 1 sass Although Indian removal is generally associated with the 1 830 act of Congress, the process was already beginning by the late asses. Pressure of white settlement led small parties Of Choctaws, Cherokees, and Chickasaws to move west of the Mississippi, and by 1 807 they were settling in Arkansas, Indian Territory, and east Texas.There they could hunt and raise their crops. This voluntary removal to escape conflict with white settlers and government agents thus preceded forced removals. Federal policy toward Indians was ambivalent. Thomas Jefferson acquired the Louisiana Territory in part to find a place for Indian communities who would not assimilate into white society and who wished to pursue their traditional hunting ways of life, but he also promoted government-run trading posts in Indian country so that Indians would build up such great debts that they would be willing to give up some of their land in payment.Indians might choose to move, but Jefferson also found ways to force them to make the choice. C. Fireman Warrant issued to a Revolutionary War soldier for 1 00 acres Of western land s payment for his service, 1784 enlarge image Despite the integration of domesticated cattle and the technology of weaving into their lifestyles, Americans still considered the southeastern tribes savages. The increasing American population led to pressure to develop new western lands.The War of 1 812, a definitive victory over the English, gave Americans a sense of national identity, but it also created a need for Indian land. The United States paid its soldiers from the Revolutionary War and the War of 1 812 not with money but with warrants that they could exchange for western land. In going up the stream there were houses and farms on both banks of the River. The houses were decently furnished, and their farms were well fenced and stocked with cattle. They had everything they needed: food, clothes, water and good land. Neutral, Journal, 181 9, on a Cherokee band in the Arkansas Territory The pressure for the development of western lands required the removal of Indians from those lands. Even while government agents were holding out promises Of western lands that would be theirs forever, Americans were exploring those lands. In 181 9, Thomas Neutral, an English botanist, traveled o the Arkansas territory. His account painted a picture of a fertile and productive environment for agriculture, a description seemingly designed to inspire interest in the minds of land speculators.The Choctaw leader Pushchair, however, when pressed to sign a treaty ceding his tribes land in central Mississippi in exchange for others in the west, protested: We wish to remain here, where we have grown up as the herbs of the woods; and do not wish to be transplanted into another soil. Indeed most of the streams on this side of the Arkansas are said to afford springs of salt water which might be wrought with profit. Thomas N eutral, A Journal of Travels into the Arkansas Territory during the year 1819 In the period between 1817 and 1825, however, the tribes signed treaties agreeing to exchange eastern lands for western ones. These early treaties did not require the tribes to move west, and most remained in their homes, but small vanguards crossed the Mississippi to take up residence in the new territory, some joining relatives already settled there. Some Choctaw families moved after the Treaty of Docks Stand, signed in 1820. Some Creek and Cherokee groups moved west after treaties they signed in 1818. The pressures on the tribes culminated in 1829 and 1 830 when the legislatures of Mississippi and Georgia passed laws to extend their jurisdiction over the Choctaw, Chickasaws, and Cherokee Nations.The actions brought into sharp relief the dilemma that faced the tribes. Were they to submit to the laws of a foreign government to remain in the lands that they considered their homeland, or were they to move to the west to retain their autonomy? FLAT AS Sorrows of the Seminole, Banished from Florida, c. 1 835 Song about the Seminole departure sung in the Muskeg language. Library of Congress Congress followed the actions of the states with the 1 830 Indian Removal Act that directed the federal government to negotiate with Indian tribes to exchange their lands east Of the Mississippi River for lands to the west.Under the provisions of the act, the Choctaws, the Chickasaws, Cherokees, Creeks, and ultimately the Seminole, who had fled to Florida in the early nineteenth century, moved to Indian Territory (what is now the state of Oklahoma) in the period from 1831 through the asses. Thus the five tribes moved under duress to the Indian Territory of eastern Oklahoma. The story of their hardships on the journey is well known. Here we consider another aspect of their experience-?the new environments to which they had to adapt, and adapt quickly.I recommend that you study the maps of Indian Territory below before continuing your reading. Visualize the areas they left-?their homelands east of the Mississippi-?and the new lands west of the Mississippi to which they were forcibly removed. Compare the physical aspects of the regions they left and of the regions they settled. (For more detailed ecological comparisons, see the Physical Environment links in the online resources. ) Library of Congress 1892 enlarge map Sterner/JellOklahoma (shaded relief) Tribal regions in Indian Territory after Removal See descriptions of the regions. The Cherokees settled in the northeast of the new territory. Their homes in the Appalachians had been dominated by mountain ranges, rivers, and forests. In the foothills of the Ozark Mountains and the valleys of the Illinois, Arkansas, Grand, and Verdigris rivers they found lands similar to what they had known before, but foreign because they were brought there under duress.Of the five tribes, the Cherokee suffered probably the harshest conditions during their removal. In the southeast, they had lived in villages long river valleys where they planted their crops on river terraces and hunted over large areas. In their first year in the west, they planted along the Arkansas River, which flooded, as it did regularly, and the first crops were washed out. The Creek people settled in the central part of the Indian Territory. The northern and southern branches of the Canadian River bounded their territory, and numerous creeks fed into those rivers.The low hills and a narrow band of dense forest known as the Cross Timbers distinguished the area. The Choctaws moved into the area of the San Bois and Chaotic mountains ND the Chimera river in the southeast region of the territory. The piney woods, mountains, and rivers of the region were similar to those of the southeastern area in Mississippi. Although the topography was familiar, the Choctaws had had to leave behind their homes, fields, crops, and whatever livestock they possessed.The Chickasaws moved into Choctaw territory in 1 837 with the promise that they would occupy its western portion, the land between the Cross Timbers and the open space of the Plains. Because the land in what was known as the Indian Territory had been assigned to the Creeks, Cherokees, and Choctaws, here was no place for the Chickasaws. They had sold their eastern lands to the United States government for approximately $500,000, with which they could buy a new homeland. With this money, they leased land from the Choctaws.The money also created a trust fund that yielded an income for the tribe of between $60,000 and $75,000 a year. They could live on annuity payments without having to establish farms. For the Chickasaws, removal led them into a cash economy and a political situation that stifled their dependency upon the natural environment. The Seminole resisted removal in a series of hard-fought and costly wars room the asses to the asses. In 1835, about 4,000 Seminole were captured and sent to the Indian Territory, where they were located in the western section of the Creek territory.Another small group was sent from Florida in the late asses, when the government campaign to remove the southeastern Indians came to an end. M. L. Van Horn Northeast Alabama C. S. Allen Southeast Oklahoma the hilly, wooded southeastern part of the Territory that resembled their homelands in the southeast [U. S. ] As the tribes entered their new lands, the one thing they would not do was move beyond the hilly, wooded southeastern part of the Territory that assembled their homelands in the southeast.Further west, the dramatic opening of the Great Plains with its Vast, treeless, arid expanses of territory, was foreign to their experience. In addition, it was dominated by Kiowa, Comanche, Wichita, and Apaches-?buffalo-hunting, highly mobile societies whose raids were a threat to the settled villages of the Southeastern tribes. Although their treaties guaranteed their rights to lands all the way to the headwaters of the Arkansas, Red, and Canadian Rivers, the environment in the west created a natural boundary beyond which the southeastern tribes loud not move. Although the terrain was different, one element of native knowledge that persisted and adapted from the southeast to the Indian Territory was the use Of herbal medicines. In the west Choctaws in the early asses century used a tea made from boiled Blackfoot as a laxative, blood weed for purifying blood, black root and fall willow for measles and smallpox (European-introduced diseases), and broom weed for colds and coughs. It could also prevent pneumonia if taken in time. Other medicines described by Choctaws in Oklahoma include Sycamore bark, which was boiled into a tea for coughs,

Safety Culture in Aviation

Introduction Safety in the aviation industry is of utmost importance. Mistakes arising from human error or technical problems can lead to loss of lives. Aviation is a high-risk sector that needs stringent measures to improve safety and prevent accidents.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Safety Culture in Aviation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this regard, safety culture is important for aviation maintenance organizations, as it promotes their public image, which often translates into commercial success. Aircraft manufacturers and aircraft maintenance firms implement aviation safety regulations to minimize technical and human errors that lead to accidents. They adopt new technologies and enhance risk awareness among the crewmembers in a bid to enhance the safety of air travel. In practice, aviation safety relies on a number of factors, including technology, organizational culture, and regulations. Aviation crash probes reveal that combination of human and technical factors causes aviation accidents. Some of these errors can be traced to organizational and management practices that define a firm’s corporate culture (Kingma, 2008). In the aviation sector, the approach that an organization uses to address safety issues determines its corporate culture. However, the relationship between organizational culture and safety is an under-researched area. This paper reviews published studies that address the problem of safety within airline transport and maintenance companies. The aim is to identify gaps in research and propose the focus areas of a future study.Advertising Looking for article on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Problematisation of Safety Culture Safety culture is often a problem during the initial stages of a firm’s growth. New companies, especially those that involve mergers, have a problem creating a sustainable safety culture due to weak change management structures. Thus, when the ‘old’ structures do not support strong quality assurance (QA) practices or improve aircraft production and maintenance issues, the development of safety culture is hindered. Furthermore, mergers shift focus to the pursuit of commercial interests, which create tension between QA and the management, and affect safety culture within the organization (Kingma, 2008). The tension results in the emergence of different in values and norms within an organization. While commercial interests may influence the management, the QA group emphasizes on strict adherence to safety regulations. For instance, QA may want production or safety to be done based on industry checklists without consideration of customer demands or pressure while the management may prefer flexibility to speed up production and meet commercial interests. The difference in focus may affect operations within the organization. In s um, the conflicting positions taken by different company departments, especially the QA and the management, affect the values and norms within the organization. The divergent values make safety culture a problem in aviation organizations. Moreover, since the management exercises the ultimate control over the other departments, QA may be forced to change its stance on aviation.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Safety Culture in Aviation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, values and norms may be eroded when commercial interests and external pressure override safety values and norms within an organization. Moreover, even though an organization may have a strong safety culture, external pressure coupled with commercial interests can affect these norms. Literature Review Aviation safety culture dominates many debates about air travel. Safety culture describes an organization’s position on aviation safety issues as indicated by the measures implemented to reduce technical and human errors. McDonald, Corrigan, Daly, and Cromie (2000) define safety culture as â€Å"the shared and learned meanings, experiences, and interpretations of safety, which characterize people’s attitudes towards risk, accidents, and prevention† (p. 154). This means that safety culture encompasses the practices that an organization implements to minimize danger to its clients and employees. On his part, Reason (1998) defines safety culture in an organization as the corporate system that shields an organization against unsafe incidents. Thus, safety culture, in an organizational context, is a component of corporate culture. The studies that examine organizational culture in the airline industry give various perspectives on safety. Glendon and Stanton (2000) view safety culture as a distinct, independent element in an organization’s corporate culture. The researchers argue that culture is an en tity found in firms that determines organizational outcomes. In comparison, Cooper (2000) views culture as a product of managerial decisions regarding safety. Thus, the development of safety culture in firms depends on organizational factors and managerial commitment.Advertising Looking for article on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In view of this, Kingma (2008) regards firms as centres of cultural development that are influenced by social and economic factors. This perspective implies that, in aviation context, organizational outcomes, such as airline accidents/incidents and safety regulations, depend on organizational culture. In this regard, aircraft maintenance services, including technical inspection and repairs that promote safety, are determined by an organization’s culture. Other studies examine safety culture as an evolving concept. Richter and Koch (2004) state that culture in organizations is determined by the nature of a firm’s operations, the behaviour considered satisfactory, the norms practiced by employees, and the integration and adaptation approaches within an organization. They further identify various factors that define corporate culture. Artefacts such as posters, buildings, and dà ©cor tell a lot about an organization’s culture. In addition, the values and norms of a firm as spelt out in its mission, goals and strategies identify its culture. The employees’ values and behaviours also shape an organization’s culture. The authors hold the view that cultural meanings in an organization are integrative. Using the author’s perspective (integrative view), one can analyze the safety culture in airline companies. According to Gherardi, Nicolini, and Odella (1998), culture, especially safety culture, comprises of distinct constructs. The authors note that several internal forces, such as leadership styles, management skills and knowledge, and workforce diversity, among others, have a significant effect on organizational culture. In view of this, culture is fragmented into distinct sub-cultures each with a different set of norms and values. Thus, organizational culture is a combination of sub-cultures within an organization. On their part, Farrington-Darby, Pickup, and Wilson (2005) characterize safety culture as a combination of in ternally created sub-cultures in firms. They establish that safety culture is a constantly changing entity with far-reaching implications on organizational outcomes. Thus, the norms and values in each department create sub-cultures, which combine to form the corporate culture within an organization. Common Assumptions in Aviation Safety Four assumptions emerge from the review of literature. The first assumption relates to safety culture as a social construct. It is often assumed that culture is purely a social construct, whereby human factors, including managerial actions and employee values, shape an organization’s corporate culture. However, culture, especially safety culture, in the aviation industry, is a product of sub-cultures created within the organization. The relations among technological factors and human (management and employee) define an organization’s culture and by extension, its safety culture. Thus, an integrative approach would ensure that all differ ent offices in an aircraft maintenance organization collaborate in creating a sustainable safety culture. Another common assumption is that competition within the aviation industry promotes safety culture. It is assumed that aviation companies adopt regulations that create safety culture because they want to gain a competitive edge in the market. It is thought that production pressures and commercial interests motivate airline companies to develop a safety culture built around regulatory policies. However, safety culture, in the production context, is a product of the integration of values and norms within the organization, which translates to commercial gains. Although the improvements in internal safety measures and QA developed out of the need to gain a competitive edge in the airline industry, culture emerged from the integration of values. Thus, self-regulation in aviation maintenance firms involves internal safety controls and procedures. These safety controls depend on a firm ’s market strategy and commercial interests. Perspectives Emerging From the Research Overall, three perspectives regarding safety culture emerge from this literature review. The first perspective perceives culture as a consolidated entity that identifies an airline company or organization. In contrast, the second perspective views culture as a ‘disconnected’ concept that consists of sub-cultures. The third viewpoint holds that culture is an evolving entity with clear meaning in organizations. Because of advancements in technology and skills, organizational culture is an ever-changing concept. It can be argued that, because of the difference in logic, these divergent viewpoints cannot co-exist within a single organization. Thus, each organization employs a different perspective in creating a sustainable safety culture in its operations. Most safety studies involve the integrative view (Richter Koch, 2004). Other studies portray safety culture in aviation as a fra gmented entity (McDonald et al., 2000; Cooper, 2000). Only a few studies describe safety culture as an evolving entity (Besco, 2004; Gherardi, Nicolini Odella, 1998). Safety culture is a social construct that depend on human and technical factors. Since society is constantly changing, safety culture should be conceived as a changing system that keeps pace with advancements in technology and skills. Thus, safety culture is a product of social-technical interaction. Safety culture can also be viewed as a multi-faceted concept that encompasses many sub-cultures. The third perspective views safety culture in terms of the cultural meaning instead of a distinct entity within an organization as held by the proponents of the integrative viewpoint. Similarly, workplace functions in the aviation sector can be viewed in the context of meaning as opposed to distinct sub-cultures. Thus, aircraft maintenance firms can enhance safety by focusing on the cultural ‘meanings’ or ideas ge nerated within the quality offices. Similarly, aircraft manufacturers can create a safety culture by managing the meanings created in the production process. This requires an integration of all sub-cultures within an organization to create a uniform safety culture. In contrast, a disparity in the values and norms applied in different departments affects the development of safety culture in organizations. For example, a company’s management may focus on promoting integration in the production department alone. This may lead to ‘fragmentation’ in the quality unit, which may compromise safety. Some studies also establish a link between safety culture and management action. McDonald et al., (2000) argue that management factors are the leading causes of airline accidents. Management actions such as hiring and promotion of loyal employees often affect service delivery and organizational performance. On the other hand, Besco (2004) notes that organizational policies tha t are not integrative lead to misplaced priorities and create ambiguity in the implementation of safety procedures. It may also result in a clash of goals and affect employees’ consciousness of an organization’s safety culture. Gaps in Research The studies reviewed give different perspectives about safety culture. More specifically, the studies examine safety culture from three perspectives: integration, fragmentation, and meaning created within an organization. Only a few of the studies focus on the evolving nature of safety in an organizational context. As aforementioned, safety culture is not static; it keeps on changing based on industry needs and developments in technology. In this regard, the writer would want to examine the evolving meaning of safety and its impact on organizational culture. The writer would particularly want to know how safety sub-cultures affect on organizational development in the aviation industry. Multiple case studies would help the writer identify the rate at which aviation organizations implement safety measures recommended by aviation regulators such as the EASA. The writer would also want to know the how employee training on aviation safety contributes to the development of safety culture in organizations. Previous studies attribute the development of safety culture to the production and the management departments of an organization. However, the differences in values and norms create distinct safety sub-cultures in these two departments. Thus, the writer would also to identify the effect of these sub-cultures in the organization. In this regard, safety culture, as it relates to either the production or management departments, needs further investigation. While safety culture in the production context involves strict adherence to safety standards, safety culture at the management level is largely driven by commercial interests (Besco, 2004). In line with this assertion, the writer will not only examine safety cul ture as a multi-faceted concept, but also as integrated construct. Thus, in as much as safety culture may be fragmented into distinct sub-cultures, it remains a unified entity at the organizational level. This means that the sub-cultures in the various departments of an organization, including production and management, combine to form the organizational safety culture. Technical safety measures implemented in the production unit and regulatory compliance (management) define an organization’s safety culture. The proposed study will fill in the gaps in research, as it will focus on safety as an evolving entity in a socio-technical system. To achieve this, the research will examine the human (employee) factors that hinder the creation of a sustainable safety culture in aircraft manufacture and maintenance organizations. In particular, communication channels within and between the different departments will be explored. The use of memos among employees communicate safety procedu res will indicate a strong safety culture. The other human factors that the study will examine include teamwork and employee fatigue and stress, as they affect the employees’ attitudes towards safety. Organizational factors such as safety norms, communication channels, and knowledge management also determine a company’s safety culture. Thus, the writer will use an ethnographic approach in examining how organizational and human factors create or hamper the development of safety norms and values. The problem of safety in aviation is often associated with either technical failure or human error. In particular, the writer will consider safety culture in organizations as a product of management practices. However, research on socio-technical aspects of culture will provide new insights into the sources of values and norms that underlie safety culture in organizations. Because technical advancements and safety regulations have a huge impact on the aviation industry, an organ ization’s safety culture will largely depend on how it has implemented the safety protocols disseminated by the EASA. This will need a convergence of the sub-cultures within the organization to establish self-regulation norms that will identify the organization. Discussion and Conclusion In this paper, the problematisation strategy has helped reveal assumptions underlying safety culture in aviation organisations. Through this strategy, issues, such as quality assurance, personnel training, organizational communication, and technology adoption, which are thought to affect the safety culture in aviation organizations separately, were found to have additive effects. In this regard, the identification of the assumptions underlying the development of safety culture made the writer to challenge the existing perspectives on organizational culture. Therefore, because of the probematisation process, safety culture can be redefined as an aggregation of several psychological mechanisms within an organization. In other words, safety culture goes beyond the implementation of safety regulations, quality standards, and advanced technologies. It encompasses socially constructed norms and values that appeal to a particular organizational context. Thus, based on the interrogation of the various perspectives and assumptions about safety, in an aviation context, safety culture is a four dimensional concept that includes procedural (safety regulations/standards), informational (technologies), social (interpersonal communication), and strategic (commercial interests) aspects. The critical review of literature enabled the writer to identify the opposing views regarding safety culture in organisations. In particular, the characterizations of the different sub-culture within an organisation allowed the writer to discover how workplace relations and shifts, such as managerial action, employee values, and leadership styles, create sub-cultures within an organisation. In addition, through the critical review of literature the writer was able to describe the major perspectives on organizational culture. The three major perspectives (integration, fragmentation, and meaning) have been described in literature. The literature review made two major contributions to the understanding of the safety culture problem. First, it provided mainstream theoretical frameworks used to study organisational culture and the interpersonal factors that influence procedures and outcomes. Second, through the critical literature review, gaps in research were identified, especially with regard to aviation safety culture. In sum, the literature review enabled the writer to identify and evaluate common assumptions and perspectives, develop a new perspective, and redefine safety culture in an aviation context. In this module, the writer has learnt new approaches of developing research projects. In particular, the writer now understands how to identify gaps in research through a critical review of literature. Gap spotting in the field of organizational culture helps refine or complete past studies. Since organizations are constantly evolving, a systematic review of previous studies helps identify assumptions in research that need further investigation. At the organizational level, the module also has helped the writer to understand how to problematise a workplace issue in order to adopt a different perspective or corroborate the existing ones. At a personal level, the module also has helped the writer to hone his critical interrogation skills in assessing various dimensions of organizational culture. He can now challenge assumptions in organisational culture and point out weaknesses in the literature. The ideas and practices presented under this module have helped the writer to hone his problem-solving skills. A critical evaluation of the operations in an organization can reveal the causes of a workplace-based problem. Moreover, a critical review of the literature a nd a systematic problematisation technique can generally help to deconstruct the organizational factors, limitations, or contradictions underlying a workplace problem. Problematisation opens up a discussion about the theoretical underpinnings of a common organisational problem. This strategy will help the writer investigate masked managerial problems that hamper strategy implementation. For instance, operational problems are often associated with improper managerial practices. However, a critical examination of a company’s operations will reveal that other factors, including external factors, contribute to the said operational problems. In this regard, alternative assumptions and perspectives that would help resolve the operational problems. In conclusion, the writer intends to adopt a multi-perspective approach in solving the problems associated with safety culture in aviation organisations. A critique of the existing literature/systems and problematisation will help the wri ter in deconstructing disputes that arise in organisational settings. Moreover, these strategies will help uncover the wider organizational structures that lead to disputes. The development of a sustainable safety culture in aviation organizations is of utmost importance. The writer intends to use these two techniques to evaluate how sub-cultures affect the development of safety culture in aviation institutions. These sub-cultures play a crucial role in shaping organisational life and thus, a critique of the traditional approaches used to develop a sustainable safety culture at organizational level can help understand the choices available to organisations. Thus, in his final CAL report, the writer intends to explore the specific sub-cultures that define safety in organisations. References Besco, R. (2004). Human performance breakdowns are rarely accidents: they are usually very poor choices with disastrous results. Journal of Hazardous  Materials, 115(4), 155–161. Cooper, M. (2000). Towards a model of safety culture. Safety Science, 36(3), 111–136. Farrington-Darby, T., Pickup, L. Wilson, J. (2005). Safety culture in railway maintenance. Safety Science, 43(2), 671-677 Gherardi, S., Nicolini, D. Odella, F. (1998). What do you mean by safety? Conflicting perspectives on accident causation and safety management in a construction firm. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 6(5), 202–213. Glendon, A. Stanton, A. (2000). Perspectives on safety culture. Safety Science, 34(1), 193–214. Kingma, S. (2008). The risk paradigm, organizations and crisis management. Journal  of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 16(2), 164–170. McDonald, N., Corrigan, S., Daly, C. Cromie, S. (2000). Safety management systems and safety culture in aircraft maintenance organizations. Safety Science, 34(1), 151–176. Reason, J. (1998). Achieving a safe culture: theory and practice. Work and Stress,  12(2), 293–306. Richter, A. Koch, C. (2004). Integration, differentiation and ambiguity in safety cultures. Safety Science, 42(1), 703–722. This article on Safety Culture in Aviation was written and submitted by user Theo Pate to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.